# Fluid model

The following inputs are defined using the `fluid` prefix.

| Description | Type | Default
--- | --- | --- | ---
solve | Specify the name of the fluid or set to None to disable the fluid solver. The name assigned to the fluid solver is used to specify fluid initial and boundary conditions. | String | None
viscosity.molecular | Specify which molecular viscosity model to use. Available options include: `constant` for constant viscosity model A viscosity model is required if the fluid solver is enabled. | String | None
viscosity.molecular.constant | Constant fluid viscosity. A value is required for `constant` viscosity model. | Real | 0
viscosity.eddy | Specify eddy viscosty model. Available options include: `None` No eddy viscosity model `Smagorinsky-Lilly` [Lil66, Sma63] `WALE` [DNP98] | String | None
viscosity.eddy.Smagorinsky-Lilly.constant | Smagorinsky-Lilly constant which usually has values between 0.1 and 0.2. A value is required when using the `Smagorinsky-Lilly` eddy viscosity model. | Real | None
viscosity.eddy.WALE.constant | WALE eddy viscosity model constant. | Real | 0.325
viscosity.suspension | Specify suspension viscosty model of the form \(\mu_{susp}=\mu_{mol}(\mu^* - 1)\) Available options include: `None` No eddy suspension model \(\mu^*=1\) `Einstein` [Ein11] \(\mu^*=1 + 2.5\varepsilon_s\) `Brinkman` [Bri52, GLGP07] \(\mu^*=(1-\varepsilon_s)^{-c}\) `Roscoe` [KD59, MP56, Ros52] \(\mu^*=(1-\varepsilon_s/c_1)^{-c_2}\) `ChengLaw` [CL03] \(\mu^*=e^{2.5(1/(1-\varepsilon_s)^c-1)/c}\) | String | None
viscosity.suspension.Brinkman.constant | Constant for exponent in Brinkman suspension expression. A value is required when using the model `Brinkman`. | Real | None
viscosity.suspension.Roscoe.c1 | Constant for max packing in Roscoe suspension expression. A value is required when using the model `Roscoe`. | Real | None
viscosity.suspension.Roscoe.c2 | Constant for exponent in Roscoe suspension expression. A value is required when using the model `Roscoe`. | Real | None
viscosity.suspension.ChengLaw.constant | Constant for exponent in ChengLaw suspension expression. A value is required when using the model `ChengLaw`. | Real | None
species | Specify the species that constitute the fluid. All listed species must be properly defined. See the species definition documentation for additional details. | String | None
molecular_weight | Constant fluid molecular weight. A molecular weight should only be defined when using one of the ideal gas constraints and the species equations are not solved. | Real | 0
specific_heat | Specify which specific heat model to use for the fluid. Available options include: `constant` - the fluid has a constant specific heat `NASA7-poly` the fluid specific heat is defined by a low-temperature (T < 1000K) polynomial and a high-temprature (T > 1000K) polynomial. NASA7 polynomial format: \(c_p(T) = \sum_{i=0}^5 a_iT^i\) `mixture` - a mixture specific heat is computed from species specific heats and local species mass fractions. \(c_{p,\mathrm{mixture}} = \sum_n X_n c_{p,n}\) A specific heat model is required if advecting enthalpy. Furthermore, the model must be `mixture` if species equations are solved. | String | None
specific_heat.constant | Constant fluid specific heat A value is required for `constant` specific heat model. | Real | 0
specific_heat.NASA7.a[i] | Specific heat polynomial coefficients. Polynomial coefficients are required if the fluid specific heat model is `NASA7-poly`. Each polynomial is defined by six coefficients (`a0`, …, `a5`), and two values are required for each coefficient. The first value is the low temperature polynomial coefficient (T < 1000K) and the second is the coefficient for the high temperature polynomial (T > 1000K). A total of twelve coefficients are required. | Real |
thermal_conductivity | Specify which thermal conductivity model to use for fluid. Available options include: `constant` - the fluid has a constant thermal conductivity model A thermal conductivity model is required if advecting enthalpy. | String | None
thermal_conductivity.constant | Constant fluid thermal conductivity. A value is required for `constant` thermal conductivity model. | Real | 0
thermodynamic_pressure | Thermodynamic pressure. A value is required when using the `IdealGasClosedSystem` constraint. If using the `IdealGasOpenSystem` constraint, then the value must match all specified outflow pressures. | Real | 0
reference_temperature | Reference temperature used to compute specific enthalpy | Real |

## Example inputs

### Incompressible fluid

The following setup shows how to define the most basic fluid model where the only required physical property is fluid viscosity. We are using the `IncompressibleFluid` constraint; therefore, the constant fluid density is defined by the initial and boundary conditions. The fluid energy and species equations are not solved.

Listing 5 Snippet of inputs defining a simple incompressible fluid. This is not a complete input file.

    mfix.constraint_type = IncompressibleFluid

    mfix.advect_density  = 0
    mfix.advect_enthalpy = 0
    mfix.solve_species   = 0

    # Fluid model settings
    # -----------------------------------------------------------------------
    fluid.solve = fluid0

    fluid.viscosity.molecular = constant
    fluid.viscosity.molecular.constant = 1.8e-5

    # Initial Conditions
    # -----------------------------------------------------------------------
    ic.regions = full-domain

    ic.full-domain.fluid0.volfrac   =  1.0
    ic.full-domain.fluid0.density   =  1.0

    ic.full-domain.fluid0.velocity  =  0.0  0.0  0.0

    # Boundary Conditions
    # -----------------------------------------------------------------------
    bc.regions = inlet  outlet

    bc.inlet = mi
    bc.inlet.fluid0.volfrac  =  1.0
    bc.inlet.fluid0.density  =  1.0

    bc.inlet.fluid0.velocity =  1.0e-8  0.0  0.0

    bc.outlet = po
    bc.outlet.fluid0.pressure =  0.

### Simple ideal gas

In the following example, we use the `IdealGasOpenSystem` so that the fluid density is calculated from the ideal gas equation of state. In addition to viscosity, we must also provide the fluid molecular weight. The fluid energy and species equations are not solved, but the constant fluid temperature is required in the initial and boundary conditions to fully specify the equation of state. Lastly, the outflow boundary pressure is taken as the thermodynamic pressure when evaluating the equation of state.

Listing 6 Snippet of inputs defining a simple ideal gas. This is not a complete input file.

    mfix.constraint_type = IdealGasOpenSystem

    mfix.advect_density  = 1
    mfix.advect_enthalpy = 0
    mfix.solve_species   = 0

    # Fluid model settings
    # -----------------------------------------------------------------------
    fluid.solve = fluid0

    fluid.viscosity.molecular = constant
    fluid.viscosity.molecular.constant = 1.8e-5

    fluid.molecular_weight = 29.0e-3

    # Initial Conditions
    # -----------------------------------------------------------------------
    ic.regions = full-domain

    ic.full-domain.fluid0.volfrac   =  1.0

    ic.full-domain.fluid0.velocity  =  0.0  0.0  0.0

    ic.full-domain.fluid0.temperature = 300.0

    # Boundary Conditions
    # -----------------------------------------------------------------------
    bc.regions = inlet  outlet

    bc.inlet = mi
    bc.inlet.fluid0.volfrac  =  1.0

    bc.inlet.fluid0.velocity =  1.0e-8  0.0  0.0

    bc.inlet.fluid0.temperature = 300.0

    bc.outlet = po
    bc.outlet.fluid0.pressure =  101325.

### Ideal gas with energy

In the last example, we use the `IdealGasOpenSystem`, however unlike the previous demonstration, the energy equation is solved. Therefore, we must define the fluid viscosity, molecular weight, thermal conductivity, and specific heat. Again, the fluid temperature is required in the initial and boundary conditions, and the outflow boundary pressure is taken as the thermodynamic pressure for the system.

Listing 7 Snippet of inputs defining an idea gas with energy. This is not a complete input file.

    mfix.constraint_type = IdealGasOpenSystem

    mfix.advect_density  = 1
    mfix.advect_enthalpy = 1
    mfix.solve_species   = 0

    # Fluid model settings
    # -----------------------------------------------------------------------
    fluid.solve = fluid0

    fluid.viscosity.molecular = constant
    fluid.viscosity.molecular.constant = 2.0e-5

    fluid.thermal_conductivity = constant
    fluid.thermal_conductivity.constant = 0.026

    fluid.molecular_weight = 28.96518e-3

    fluid.specific_heat = NASA7-poly

    fluid.specific_heat.NASA7.a0 =  5.95960930E+00   3.08792717E+00
    fluid.specific_heat.NASA7.a1 =  3.56839620E+00   1.24597184E-03
    fluid.specific_heat.NASA7.a2 = -6.78729429E-04  -4.23718945E-07
    fluid.specific_heat.NASA7.a3 =  1.55371476E-06   6.74774789E-11
    fluid.specific_heat.NASA7.a4 = -3.29937060E-12  -3.97076972E-15
    fluid.specific_heat.NASA7.a5 = -4.66395387E-13  -9.95262755E+02

    # Initial Conditions
    # -----------------------------------------------------------------------
    ic.regions = full-domain

    ic.full-domain.fluid0.volfrac   =  1.0

    ic.full-domain.fluid0.velocity  =  0.0  0.0  0.0

    ic.full-domain.fluid0.temperature = 300.0

    # Boundary Conditions
    # -----------------------------------------------------------------------
    bc.regions = inlet  outlet

    bc.inlet = mi
    bc.inlet.fluid0.volfrac  =  1.0

    bc.inlet.fluid0.velocity =  1.0e-8  0.0  0.0

    bc.inlet.fluid0.temperature = 300.0

    bc.outlet = po
    bc.outlet.fluid0.pressure =  101325.

The following inputs are defined using the `fluid` prefix and control the convergence criteria of the damped Newton solver used to compute temperature from enthalpy and specific heat.

| Description | Type | Default
--- | --- | --- | ---
newton_solver.absolute_tol | Define absolute tolerance for the Newton solver | Real | 1.e-8
newton_solver.relative_tol | Define relative tolerance for the Newton solver | Real | 1.e-8
newton_solver.max_iterations | Define max number of iterations for the Newton solver | int | 500