# Constructing Embedded Boundaries in MFIX-Exa

MFIX-Exa allows 4 approaches to specify embedded boundaries (EBs).

1. Using native AMReX cpp functions.

2. Using CSG file format.

3. Using planar walls.

4. Using STL file format.

There are also two parameters (specified in the `inputs` file) that influence the level-set creation:

Parameter | Description
--- | ---
`amr.max_level` | If greater than 0, MFIX-Exa operates in multi-level mode. The level-set grids follow all other grids. If equal to 1, the level-set has two levels (one additional level with higher refinement).
`mfix.levelset__refinement` | If `amr.max_level > 1` this parameter is ignored. Otherwise it sets the maximum refinement of the level-set

## EB Specification

### Native AMReX functions

MFIX-Exa uses AMReX’s constructive solid geometry framework defined in the namespace `amrex::EB2`. See the AMReX EB documentation for more details. These are defined in `src/eb/mfix_eb.cpp`. The function `mfix::make_eb_geometry` (also defined in `src/eb/mfix_eb.cpp`) selects one of the following geometries depending on the value of the `mfix.geometry` setting in the `inputs` file.

Description | `mfix.geometry`
--- | ---
Box (up to six walls) | `box`
Cylinder | `cylinder`
Hopper | `hopper`
General | `generic` cf. note 1 below

1. `Generic` geometry specification requires user implementation inside `src/eb.mfix_eb_generic.cpp`. Also see the AMReX geometry documentation for information on how to construct new geometries using the method of constructive solid geometry.

### CSG File Format

Alternatively, the constructive solid geometry can be created using OpenSCAD’s CSG file format by installing the `csg-eb` library. To use this option, MFIX-Exa must be built with the flag `MFIX_CSG=TRUE` and the options `mfix.geom_type = csg` and `mfix.geometry_filename` must be set in the `inputs`. See the CSG-EB repository for more details about this format.

### Planar Walls

Planar boundary conditions can be specified in the `inputs` file. Even if the user does not specify an `mfix.geometry` or `mfix.geometry_filename` in the `inputs`, any no-slip or free-slip boundary conditions are expressed as EB walls.

### STL File Format

A standard triangle language (STL) file created using numerous CAD programs can also specify the EB geometry. To use this method, the options `mfix.geom_type = stl` and `mfix.geometry_filename` must be set in the `inputs`.

## How MFIX-Exa Constructs the EB Geometry

Once a geometry is specified in the `inputs` file, the procedure is the same for all geometries.

1. Construct an implicit function representing the geometry.

2. Call `mfix::build_eb_levels(gshop)` this function builds the EB levels. Note that this also makes the particle EB levels point to the fluid eb levels.

3. Call `mfix.fill_eb_levelsets`. This function fills the level-set `MultiFab`.

## MFIX-Exa’s EB Data Structures

The `mfix` class stores the following EB data:

    //! EB levels representing fluid boundary conditions
    Vector<const EB2::Level *> eb_levels;
    //! EB levels representing particle boundary conditions (same as
    //! `mfix::eb_levels` but might include additional walls).
    Vector<const EB2::Level *> particle_eb_levels;

    //! EB factory that lives on the fluid grids
    Vector< std::unique_ptr<amrex::EBFArrayBoxFactory> > ebfactory;
    //! EB factory that lives on the particle grids
    Vector< std::unique_ptr<amrex::EBFArrayBoxFactory> > particle_ebfactory;

As discussed in the previous sub-section, the difference between `mfix::eb_levels` and `mfix::particle_eb_levels` enables the user to specify a modified EB geometry for particles only. Whereas the fluid sees the EB geometry in `mfix::eb_levels`. If no addition particle EB geometry is specified (point 4 in the previous section), then `mfix::particle_eb_levels` points to `mfix::eb_levels`.

In the same spirit, the `mfix::ebfactory` is constructed over the fluid grid and using the fluid EB levels, whereas `mfix::particle_ebfactory` is constructed over the particle grid using the particle EB levels.

## A note about constructing EB Levels

MFIX-Exa builds EB levels in `mfix::build_eb_levels` (via `LSCore<F>::BuildEBLevel`)

    EB2::Build(gshop, geom[lev], required_crse_lev, max_crse_level);
    const EB2::IndexSpace & ebis = EB2::IndexSpace::top();

When building an EB level, the maximum coarsening level (`int max_crse_level`) and the required coarsening level (`int required_crse_lev`) need to be specified. The reason for this is that we need to specify to which level of coarseness the EB is still defined. It might not be immediately obvious, but the Poisson solver (used in the fluid solve) also depends indirectly on these parameters. Thus changing these during EB level creation might restrict how many levels the MLMG solver can use, and therefore give slightly different answers in the fluid solve.

# Local Mesh Refinement at Walls

MFIX-Exa has the capability of locally refining the computational grid near EBs. This is done by tagging (in `mfix::ErrorEst`) any cells with volume fraction between 0 and 1. To enable local mesh refinement, set `amr.max_level` to a value greater than 1. Note that the parameter `mfix.levelset__refinement` is ignored on all cases except when `amr.max_level = 1`.

## MFIX-Exa Initialization Process

Since MFIX-Exa requires the volume fraction when building grids (because this is needed by `mfix::ErrorEst`), the EB geometries need to be built before calling `mfix::Init`. The recommended procedure therefore is

    // Default constructor (geom[lev] is defined here)
    mfix my_mfix;

    // Initialize internals from ParamParse database
    my_mfix.InitParams(solve_fluid, solve_dem, call_udf);

    // Initialize memory for data-array internals
    my_mfix.ResizeArrays();

    // Construct EB (must be done _before_ mfix::Init)
    my_mfix.make_eb_geometry();

    // Initialize derived internals. Grids are create here.
    my_mfix.Init(dt, time);

    // Create EB factories on new grids
    my_mfix.make_eb_factories();

    if (solve_dem)
    {
        // Fill level-sets on each level (must be done _after_ mfix::Init)
        my_mfix.fill_eb_levelsets();
    }

    // Finish constructing levels
    my_mfix.InitLevelData(dt,time);

    // Regrid (ensure all MultiFabs are on their correct grids)
    my_mfix.Regrid();

Also note that mfix defines boundary conditions in Fortran also (via the mfix.dat). Since these are potentially needed to build EB walls, `mfix::make_eb_geometry` also calls `mfix_set_bc_type`.

The grids for each level are build in the `mfix::Init` by invoking the initialization functions inherited from `amrex::AmrCore`.

    // This tells the AmrMesh class not to iterate when creating the initial
    // grid hierarchy
    SetIterateToFalse();

    // This tells the Cluster routine to use the new chopping routine which
    // rejects cuts if they don't improve the efficiency
    SetUseNewChop();

    // This Builds the new Grids
    InitFromScratch(0.);

# The Level-Set Function

MFIX-Exa uses a level-set function to resolve particle-wall collisions. See the AMReX Level-Set documentation for more details. The level-set function is stored on the nodal `Vector<std::unique_ptr<MultiFab>> mfix::level_sets`. The level-set data is always stored on the particle grids. Depending on the input `amr.max_level` The level-set can be in one of two modes:

1. MFIX-Exa is running in single-level mode (`nlev == 1`). Then `mfix::level_sets[0]` will be at the same resolution as the fluid (except that it is stored on the particle grid). Even though `nlev == 1`, there is a second level, `level_sets[1]`. This level is the same as `level_sets[0]` but refined by `mfix::levelset__refinement`. This way the level-set always has the appropriate resolution to resolve structures in the EB, even if the fluid is defined on a fairly coarse grid.

2. MFIX-Exa is running in multi-level mode (`nlev > 1`). The the parameter `mfix::levelset__refinement` is ignored. `mfix::level_sets` then follows the rest of MFIX-Exa, i.e. it is defined on the particle grids on all levels.

The level-set is used in two places:

1. The function `MFIXParticleContainer::EvolveParticles` interpolates the level-set onto each particle’s position in order to resolve collisions with the EBs. If `nlev == 1`, `level_sets[1]` is used to evolve the particle positions. Otherwise `level_sets[lev]` is used for each level.

2. The fluid-particle coupling can sometimes rely on neighbor stencils where one or more cell is covered by an EB. In order to avoid values that do not conform with the boundary conditions, the fluid velocity is reconstructed in those cells. The algorithm relies on the level-set, and uses `level_sets[lev]` on each level.

## Special Cases Involving Level-Sets

The level-set function is filled by the `mfix::fill_eb_levelsets()` function. There are two special cases involving level-sets:

1. Mass-Inflow boundary conditions are not given EB walls. However, we don’t want particles to fall out of a MI either, so at the very end of the `mfix::fill_eb_levelsets()` function we call `mfix::intersect_ls_walls()`. This performs an intersection operation with the level-set representing a wall at each MI.

2. Box geometries and regular geometries are comprised entirely out of planar surfaces. Therefore the levelset is not construction out of an EB factory (as would be the case for all other geometries). But out of an intersection with all planar surfaces. This has the advantage of correctly describing corners.