From 330a96510c1bf90630eec14e9c90bb044f59dd39 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Mark Meredith Date: Mon, 7 Dec 2020 16:04:05 -0500 Subject: [PATCH] Fix spelling --- docs/source/Inputs_Chapter.rst | 2 +- docs/source/eb/EBWalls.rst | 6 +- docs/source/inputs/InputsDrag.rst | 16 +-- .../source/inputs/InputsProblemDefinition.rst | 2 +- docs/source/qb/granRT.rst | 4 +- docs/source/qb/hcs.rst | 94 +++++++-------- docs/source/qb/index.rst | 19 ++- docs/source/qb/mehrdadsbed.rst | 66 +++++----- docs/source/qb/refs.rst | 80 ++++++------ docs/webroot/gallery.html | 114 +++++++++--------- 10 files changed, 197 insertions(+), 206 deletions(-) diff --git a/docs/source/Inputs_Chapter.rst b/docs/source/Inputs_Chapter.rst index 2df1840..8a5af2e 100644 --- a/docs/source/Inputs_Chapter.rst +++ b/docs/source/Inputs_Chapter.rst @@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ keywords such as ``mfix``, ``amr``, ``geometry``, ``nodal_proj`` etc. .. toctree:: :maxdepth: 1 - Units, mesh, geometry, species, fluid, DEM, regions, inital and boundary conditions + Units, mesh, geometry, species, fluid, DEM, regions, initial and boundary conditions Particle drag inputs/InputsTimeStepping inputs/InputsInitialization diff --git a/docs/source/eb/EBWalls.rst b/docs/source/eb/EBWalls.rst index 2f5373e..6d6e731 100644 --- a/docs/source/eb/EBWalls.rst +++ b/docs/source/eb/EBWalls.rst @@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ The :cpp:`mfix` class stores the following EB data: As discussed in the previous sub-section, the difference between :cpp:`mfix::eb_levels` and :cpp:`mfix::particle_eb_levels` enables the user to -specify a modfied EB geometry for particles only. Whereas the fluid sees the EB +specify a modified EB geometry for particles only. Whereas the fluid sees the EB geometry in :cpp:`mfix::eb_levels`. If no addition particle EB geometry is specified (point 4 in the previous section), then :cpp:`mfix::particle_eb_levels` points to :cpp:`mfix::eb_levels`. @@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ calling :cpp:`mfix::Init`. The recommended procedure therefore is Also note that mfix defines boundary conditions in Fortran also (via the mfix.dat). Since these are potentially needed to build EB walls, :cpp:`mfix::make_eb_geometry` also calls :cpp:`mfix_set_bc_type`. - + The grids for each level are build in the :cpp:`mfix::Init` by invoking the initialization functions inherited from :cpp:`amrex::AmrCore`. @@ -305,4 +305,4 @@ There are two special cases involving level-sets: .. _AMReX EB documentation: https://amrex-codes.github.io/amrex/docs_html/EB_Chapter.html .. _AMReX Level-Set documentation: https://amrex-codes.github.io/amrex/docs_html/EB.html#level-sets -.. _AMReX geometry documentation: https://amrex-codes.github.io/amrex/docs_html/EB.html#initializing-the-geometric-database +.. _AMReX geometry documentation: https://amrex-codes.github.io/amrex/docs_html/EB.html#initializing-the-geometric-database diff --git a/docs/source/inputs/InputsDrag.rst b/docs/source/inputs/InputsDrag.rst index 6dbb7cf..544315a 100644 --- a/docs/source/inputs/InputsDrag.rst +++ b/docs/source/inputs/InputsDrag.rst @@ -9,21 +9,21 @@ The following inputs must be preceded by "mfix." | drag_type | Which drag model to use | String | None | +-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+ -The options currently supported in mfix are :cpp:`WenYu`, :cpp:`Gidaspow`, :cpp:`BVK2`, or :cpp:`UserDrag`. +The options currently supported in mfix are :cpp:`WenYu`, :cpp:`Gidaspow`, :cpp:`BVK2`, or :cpp:`UserDrag`. -If one of these is not specified, the code will abort with +If one of these is not specified, the code will abort with .. highlight:: c++ :: - amrex::Abort::0::"Don't know this drag type!!! + amrex::Abort::0::"Don't know this drag type!!! The drag models are defined in src/src_des/des_drag_K.H If the user wishes to use their own drag model, they must - * specify :cpp:`mfix.drag_type = UserDrag` in the inputs file + * specify :cpp:`mfix.drag_type = UserDrag` in the inputs file * provide the code in the ComputeDragUser routine in a local usr_drag.cpp file. An example can be found in tests/DEM06-x. @@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ With the variables defined as follows: * Mug - gas laminar viscosity * ROpg - gas density * EP_g * vrel - magnitude of gas-solids relative velocity - * DPM - particle diamater of solids phase M + * DPM - particle diameter of solids phase M * DPA - average particle diameter * PHIS - solids volume fraction of solids phases * fvelx - x component of the fluid velocity at the particle position @@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ With the variables defined as follows: * pid - particle id number */ -The WenYu model is defined as +The WenYu model is defined as .. code:: shell @@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ The WenYu model is defined as if (RE < DEMParams::eps) return 0.0; return 0.75 * C_d * vrel * ROPg * std::pow(EPg, -2.65) / DPM; -The Gidaspow model is defined as +The Gidaspow model is defined as .. code:: shell @@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ The Gidaspow model is defined as if (RE < DEMParams::eps) return 0.0; return (1.0 - PHI_gs)*Ergun + PHI_gs*WenYu; -The Gidaspow model is defined as +The Gidaspow model is defined as .. code:: shell diff --git a/docs/source/inputs/InputsProblemDefinition.rst b/docs/source/inputs/InputsProblemDefinition.rst index 197a2fd..9a1a978 100644 --- a/docs/source/inputs/InputsProblemDefinition.rst +++ b/docs/source/inputs/InputsProblemDefinition.rst @@ -660,7 +660,7 @@ tridimensional). We recall that, on the remaining part of the EBs, homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions are assumed by default. In the following table there is a list of the possible entries for EB boundary -conditions. Each entry must be preceeded by `bc.[region0].` +conditions. Each entry must be preceded by `bc.[region0].` +---------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+ | | Description | Type | Default | diff --git a/docs/source/qb/granRT.rst b/docs/source/qb/granRT.rst index f0ad225..f7bf7fc 100644 --- a/docs/source/qb/granRT.rst +++ b/docs/source/qb/granRT.rst @@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ numerical results for roughly the first half of the transien: an initially flat interface gives way to many fingers falling into the gas which merge and form a semi-stable bubble pattern. However, the simulated bubbles appear to be less stable than those in the lab, which rise uniformily to the surface. However, in -the simulations the center bubble rises slighlty faster than the one on the +the simulations the center bubble rises slightly faster than the one on the left, which shifts more weight over the left-hand bubble, which further impedes its rise and eventually "squishes" the left-hand bubble into the center bubble as it breaks the surface. Later, the right hand bubble also merges with (what @@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ significantly accelerates the second half of the transient (notice the different times between experiment and simulation). Several different variations of this setup were performed: different drag laws, slower inversion time, different combinations of particle restitution and friction coefficients, -inclusion of front and back walls. Although all tests were slighlty different, +inclusion of front and back walls. Although all tests were slightly different, none were able to match the stability of the later time bubble pattern observed experimentally. diff --git a/docs/source/qb/hcs.rst b/docs/source/qb/hcs.rst index 18a4556..d4a6281 100644 --- a/docs/source/qb/hcs.rst +++ b/docs/source/qb/hcs.rst @@ -1,52 +1,52 @@ .. _Chap:QB:hcs: -Clustering in the HCS +Clustering in the HCS ====================== -The HCS is the simplest non-trivial particulate gas-solid system. The continuum +The HCS is the simplest non-trivial particulate gas-solid system. The continuum gas-phase is initially at rest. The particles are uniformily distributed in space -and have zero momentum in all three directions. However, the particle pecular -velocity is non-zero, quantified by an initial *granular* temperature, -:math:`T_0`. The system is periodic in all direcitons and no external forces act -on the system. Under homogeneous conditions, the granular temperature, :math:`T`, -is equivalent to two-thirds of the the (massless) mean particle kinetic energy. -In the HCS, the Eulerian kinetic theory (KT) model of Garzo et al. [GTSH12]_ -reduces to: - -.. math:: - \frac{dT}{dt} = - \frac{2 \gamma}{m} T - \zeta_0 T - -where :math:`m` is the particle mass, :math:`\gamma` is the thermal drag and -:math:`\zeta_0` is the zeroth-order cooling rate. The first term on the RHS -above represents viscous dissipation due to the interstitial gas while the -second term represents collisional dissipation due inelastic particle-particle -interactions. The ODE has an analytical solution given by Yin et al. [YZMH13]_ +and have zero momentum in all three directions. However, the particle pecular +velocity is non-zero, quantified by an initial *granular* temperature, +:math:`T_0`. The system is periodic in all directions and no external forces act +on the system. Under homogeneous conditions, the granular temperature, :math:`T`, +is equivalent to two-thirds of the the (massless) mean particle kinetic energy. +In the HCS, the Eulerian kinetic theory (KT) model of Garzo et al. [GTSH12]_ +reduces to: + +.. math:: + \frac{dT}{dt} = - \frac{2 \gamma}{m} T - \zeta_0 T + +where :math:`m` is the particle mass, :math:`\gamma` is the thermal drag and +:math:`\zeta_0` is the zeroth-order cooling rate. The first term on the RHS +above represents viscous dissipation due to the interstitial gas while the +second term represents collisional dissipation due inelastic particle-particle +interactions. The ODE has an analytical solution given by Yin et al. [YZMH13]_ (also see [LBFHHGS16]_ for the exact model used herein which also includes a -first-order thermal Reynolds number extension to :math:`\gamma`). In the absence -of clustering, the granular temperature in the HCS decays according to the -analytical solution, known as Haff's law [H83]_ in granular systems: -:math:`\gamma = 0`. However, at a critical system size [G05]_, :math:`L^*_c`, -(where :math:`L^* = L/d_p`), the initially homogeneous state gives way to the -most fundamental of gas-solid instabilities, the clustering instability, which -causes :math:`T` (or more accurately :math:`KE`) to deviate significantly from -KT solution due to regions of high and low concentration and correlated motion. +first-order thermal Reynolds number extension to :math:`\gamma`). In the absence +of clustering, the granular temperature in the HCS decays according to the +analytical solution, known as Haff's law [H83]_ in granular systems: +:math:`\gamma = 0`. However, at a critical system size [G05]_, :math:`L^*_c`, +(where :math:`L^* = L/d_p`), the initially homogeneous state gives way to the +most fundamental of gas-solid instabilities, the clustering instability, which +causes :math:`T` (or more accurately :math:`KE`) to deviate significantly from +KT solution due to regions of high and low concentration and correlated motion. To test if MFiX-Exa predicts the expected clustering behavior, a system is set up with the following non-dimensional parameters: - + * initial thermal Reynolds number: :math:`Re_{T_0} = \rho_g d_p \sqrt{T_0} / \mu_g = 20` * density ratio: :math:`\rho^* = \rho_p / \rho_g = 1000` * restitution coefficient: :math:`e = 0.8` * solids concentration: :math:`\phi = \pi N_p / 6 L^*_x L^*_y L^*_z \approx 0.05` -While not specifically studied by Fullmer et al. [FLYH18]_, their results -indicate that :math:`L_c^*` may be as large as 100 at these conditions. +While not specifically studied by Fullmer et al. [FLYH18]_, their results +indicate that :math:`L_c^*` may be as large as 100 at these conditions. In order to avoid the region near critical stability, we use a significnatly -larger system size: :math:`L^*_x = L^*_y = 256`. The system is thin in the -depth dimension, :math:`L^*_z = 8` in order to highlight the clustering -phenomena. Therefore, :math:`N_p = 50000`. Because the system is hypothetical, +larger system size: :math:`L^*_x = L^*_y = 256`. The system is thin in the +depth dimension, :math:`L^*_z = 8` in order to highlight the clustering +phenomena. Therefore, :math:`N_p = 50000`. Because the system is hypothetical, the ideal :cpp:`BVK2` DNS drag law is applied, see [BvK07]_, [TPKKv15]_. @@ -55,20 +55,20 @@ the ideal :cpp:`BVK2` DNS drag law is applied, see [BvK07]_, [TPKKv15]_. :align: center :alt: kinetic energy decay in the HCS - Decay of the particle mean kinetic energy compared to the KT analytical - soluiton of the GTSH model. + Decay of the particle mean kinetic energy compared to the KT analytical + soluiton of the GTSH model. -Three replicate systems are simulated with MFiX-Exa 19.08, differing only -in initial particle locations and pecular velocities. The particle kinetic -energy is averaged in the simulations (red) and compared to the analytical -granular temperature (black) of the HCS as a funciton of time in the figure -above. The kinetic energy :math:`KE / KE_0` decays by two to three orders of -magnitude in line with the HCS result until clustering and localized mean -motion cause a drastic deviation. The final result at :math:`t^* = 1000` -for one of the replicates is shown below (at right) compared to the seminal -result of Goldhirsch and Zanetti [GZ93]_ (true 2D), the original demonstration -of the clustering instability the HCS. +Three replicate systems are simulated with MFiX-Exa 19.08, differing only +in initial particle locations and pecular velocities. The particle kinetic +energy is averaged in the simulations (red) and compared to the analytical +granular temperature (black) of the HCS as a function of time in the figure +above. The kinetic energy :math:`KE / KE_0` decays by two to three orders of +magnitude in line with the HCS result until clustering and localized mean +motion cause a drastic deviation. The final result at :math:`t^* = 1000` +for one of the replicates is shown below (at right) compared to the seminal +result of Goldhirsch and Zanetti [GZ93]_ (true 2D), the original demonstration +of the clustering instability the HCS. .. figure:: figs/hcs_xy_1908.png @@ -77,8 +77,4 @@ of the clustering instability the HCS. :alt: clustered state of the HCS Clustered state of the HCS observed by Goldhirsch and Zanetti [GZ93]_ - (left) compared to an MFiX-Exa result (right). - - - - + (left) compared to an MFiX-Exa result (right). diff --git a/docs/source/qb/index.rst b/docs/source/qb/index.rst index 22ffd29..1df6b3d 100644 --- a/docs/source/qb/index.rst +++ b/docs/source/qb/index.rst @@ -3,16 +3,16 @@ Qualitative Benchmarks ====================== -MFiX-Exa uses a three level approach to regression testing spaning from simple +MFiX-Exa uses a three level approach to regression testing spanning from simple and/or short smoke tests to validation problems comparing against experimental -data. Most of the validation benchmarks target the physics of interest to -MFiX-Exa's intended audience, i.e., dense bubbling, fast fluidization and -pneumatic transport of particulate solids by a light gas. In an effort to widen -the phase-space in which MFiX-Exa may be (potentially) applied, a set of -qualitative benchmark problems are provided below which focus more on the -phenomenology of a given, problem rather than averaged statistical measures. -Animations of numerical soluitons to several of the qualitative benchmarks -can be seen in the +data. Most of the validation benchmarks target the physics of interest to +MFiX-Exa's intended audience, i.e., dense bubbling, fast fluidization and +pneumatic transport of particulate solids by a light gas. In an effort to widen +the phase-space in which MFiX-Exa may be (potentially) applied, a set of +qualitative benchmark problems are provided below which focus more on the +phenomenology of a given, problem rather than averaged statistical measures. +Animations of numerical soluitons to several of the qualitative benchmarks +can be seen in the `Gallery `_ @@ -25,4 +25,3 @@ can be seen in the single_bubble biseg refs - diff --git a/docs/source/qb/mehrdadsbed.rst b/docs/source/qb/mehrdadsbed.rst index ae35958..9e734c5 100644 --- a/docs/source/qb/mehrdadsbed.rst +++ b/docs/source/qb/mehrdadsbed.rst @@ -1,31 +1,31 @@ .. _Chap:QB:mehrdad: -Mehrdad's Bed +Mehrdad's Bed ============= -Typically, bubbling fluidized beds are produced by uniformily--in space and -time--driving a gas flow through a particle bed. Slightly different bubbling -patterns are observed depending largely on the Geldart classification [G73]_ -of the particles and the size of the bed. Like gas bubbles in a liquid bed, -the dynamics are almost always highly irregular and chaotic in nature. -However, by periodically driving the gas flow, chaotic bubbling can be -suppressed yeilding quasi-regular periodic bubbling [PB98]_. Studying bubble -control methods, Coppens and coworkers [Cv03]_ realized that periodic bubbling -produces starkly regular patterns in thin beds, which may be useful for code -validation [WdLC16]_. Shahnam and coworkers took the problem even further and -reducing the latteral dimension to produce an oscillating Left-Right single -bubble pattern in a setup affectionately referred to as *Mehrdad's bed* [S18]_. - - -Mehrdad's bed is a rectangular geometry of width :math:`L_x` = 50 mm, -height :math:`L_y` = 160 mm, and depth :math:`L_z` = 5 mm. The domain is -resolved by a uniform CFD grid of :math:`80 \times 256 \times 8`. No-slip walls -are applied on the vertical domain extents with a mass inflow at the bottom and -a pressure outflow at the top of the domain. The mass inflow is defined in -`usr1.f90` as: - -.. code:: fortran - +Typically, bubbling fluidized beds are produced by uniformily--in space and +time--driving a gas flow through a particle bed. Slightly different bubbling +patterns are observed depending largely on the Geldart classification [G73]_ +of the particles and the size of the bed. Like gas bubbles in a liquid bed, +the dynamics are almost always highly irregular and chaotic in nature. +However, by periodically driving the gas flow, chaotic bubbling can be +suppressed yielding quasi-regular periodic bubbling [PB98]_. Studying bubble +control methods, Coppens and coworkers [Cv03]_ realized that periodic bubbling +produces starkly regular patterns in thin beds, which may be useful for code +validation [WdLC16]_. Shahnam and coworkers took the problem even further and +reducing the latteral dimension to produce an oscillating Left-Right single +bubble pattern in a setup affectionately referred to as *Mehrdad's bed* [S18]_. + + +Mehrdad's bed is a rectangular geometry of width :math:`L_x` = 50 mm, +height :math:`L_y` = 160 mm, and depth :math:`L_z` = 5 mm. The domain is +resolved by a uniform CFD grid of :math:`80 \times 256 \times 8`. No-slip walls +are applied on the vertical domain extents with a mass inflow at the bottom and +a pressure outflow at the top of the domain. The mass inflow is defined in +`usr1.f90` as: + +.. code:: fortran + real(rt), intent(in ) :: time real(rt) :: usr_pi, usr_umf @@ -34,9 +34,9 @@ a pressure outflow at the top of the domain. The mass inflow is defined in bc_u_g(1) = usr_umf*(1.3d0 + 0.7d0*DSIN(10.0d0*usr_pi*time)) -The bed consists of 188500 particles which are assumed to be monodisperse with -constant diameter and density of :math:`d_p = 400` microns and -:math:`\rho_p = 2500` kg/m\ :sup:`3` \, respectively. +The bed consists of 188500 particles which are assumed to be monodisperse with +constant diameter and density of :math:`d_p = 400` microns and +:math:`\rho_p = 2500` kg/m\ :sup:`3` \, respectively. .. figure:: figs/mehrdad_1908_small.png @@ -44,11 +44,9 @@ constant diameter and density of :math:`d_p = 400` microns and :align: center :alt: Sim comparison to Mehrdad's experiment - Comparison of the experiment (middle two rows) to the MFiX-Exa simulation - (top and bottom rows). - -The bed is simulated using MFiX-Exa 19.08 for an initial transient period of -10 s before an observation window of an additional 5 s. The desired left-right -pattern is seen as shown in the figure above. - + Comparison of the experiment (middle two rows) to the MFiX-Exa simulation + (top and bottom rows). +The bed is simulated using MFiX-Exa 19.08 for an initial transient period of +10 s before an observation window of an additional 5 s. The desired left-right +pattern is seen as shown in the figure above. diff --git a/docs/source/qb/refs.rst b/docs/source/qb/refs.rst index fb7b68b..1d8a25e 100644 --- a/docs/source/qb/refs.rst +++ b/docs/source/qb/refs.rst @@ -4,83 +4,81 @@ References ========== .. [BvK07] R. Beetstra, M.A. van der Hoef, and J.A.M. - Kuipers. Drag force of intermediate Reynolds number flow past mono- + Kuipers. Drag force of intermediate Reynolds number flow past mono- and bidisperse arrays of spheres. *AIChE Journal*, **53**, 489--501 (2007). -.. [GLMK03] M.J.V. Goldschmidt, J.M. Link, S. Mellema, and J.A.M. Kuipers. - Digital image analysis measurements of bed expansion and segregation dynamics +.. [GLMK03] M.J.V. Goldschmidt, J.M. Link, S. Mellema, and J.A.M. Kuipers. + Digital image analysis measurements of bed expansion and segregation dynamics in dense gas-fluidised beds. *Powder Technology*, **138** (2-3), 135--159 (2003). -.. [BPLPM19] C.M. Boyce, A. Penn, M. Lehnert, K.P. Pruessmann, and C.R. Müller. - Magnetic resonance imaging of single bubbles injected into incipiently +.. [BPLPM19] C.M. Boyce, A. Penn, M. Lehnert, K.P. Pruessmann, and C.R. Müller. + Magnetic resonance imaging of single bubbles injected into incipiently fluidized beds. *Chemical Engineering Science*, **200**, 147--166 (2019). -.. [C81] S. Chandrasekhar. *Hydrodynamic and hydromagnetic stability*. +.. [C81] S. Chandrasekhar. *Hydrodynamic and hydromagnetic stability*. Dover Publications (1981). .. [Cv03] M.O. Coppens and J.R. van Ommen. Structuring chaotic fluidized beds. *Chemical Engineering Journal*, **96**, 117--124 (2003). -.. [FLYH18] W.D. Fullmer, X. Li, X. Yin and C.M. Hreyna. Notes on clustering - in hte gas-solid HCS. `arxiv:1809.04173 `_ +.. [FLYH18] W.D. Fullmer, X. Li, X. Yin and C.M. Hreyna. Notes on clustering + in the gas-solid HCS. `arxiv:1809.04173 `_ (2018). -.. [G73] D. Geldart. Types of gas fluidization. *Powder Technology*, **7** (5), 285--292 (1973) +.. [G73] D. Geldart. Types of gas fluidization. *Powder Technology*, **7** (5), 285--292 (1973) -.. [G05] V. Garzó. Instabilities in a Free Granular Fluid Described by the - Enskog Equation. *Physical Review E*, **72** (2), 021106 (2005). +.. [G05] V. Garzó. Instabilities in a Free Granular Fluid Described by the + Enskog Equation. *Physical Review E*, **72** (2), 021106 (2005). -.. [GTSH12] V. Garzó, S. Tenneti, S. Subramaniam, and C.M. Hrenya. Enskog - kinetic theory for monodisperse gas-solid flows. *Journal of Fluid Mechanics*, +.. [GTSH12] V. Garzó, S. Tenneti, S. Subramaniam, and C.M. Hrenya. Enskog + kinetic theory for monodisperse gas-solid flows. *Journal of Fluid Mechanics*, **712**, 129--168 (2012). -.. [GZ93] I. Goldhirsch and G. Zanetti. Clustering instability in dissipative - gases. *Physical Review Letters*, **70** (11), 1619--1622 (1993). +.. [GZ93] I. Goldhirsch and G. Zanetti. Clustering instability in dissipative + gases. *Physical Review Letters*, **70** (11), 1619--1622 (1993). -.. [H83] P.K. Haff. Grain Flow as a Fluid-Mechanical Phenomenon. - *Journal of Fluid Mechanics*, **134**, 401--430 (1983). +.. [H83] P.K. Haff. Grain Flow as a Fluid-Mechanical Phenomenon. + *Journal of Fluid Mechanics*, **134**, 401--430 (1983). -.. [LBFHHGS16] P. Liu, T. Brown, W.D. Fullmer, T. Hauser, C.M. Hrenya, - R. Grout and H. Sitaraman. Comprehensive benchmark suite for simulation - of particle laden flows using the discrete element method with performance - profiles from the multiphase flow with interface exchanges (MFiX) code. - Technical report, National Renewable Energy Lab.(NREL), Golden, CO +.. [LBFHHGS16] P. Liu, T. Brown, W.D. Fullmer, T. Hauser, C.M. Hrenya, + R. Grout and H. Sitaraman. Comprehensive benchmark suite for simulation + of particle laden flows using the discrete element method with performance + profiles from the multiphase flow with interface exchanges (MFiX) code. + Technical report, National Renewable Energy Lab.(NREL), Golden, CO (United States), (2016). url: https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65637.pdf -.. [PB98] D.V. Pence and D.E. Beasley, Chaos suppression in gas-solid +.. [PB98] D.V. Pence and D.E. Beasley, Chaos suppression in gas-solid fluidization, *Chaos*, **8**, 514--519 (1998). -.. [TPKKv15] Y. Tang, E.A.J.F. Peters, J.A.M. Kuipers, - S.H.L. Kriebitzsch, and M.A. van der Hoef. A new drag correlation +.. [TPKKv15] Y. Tang, E.A.J.F. Peters, J.A.M. Kuipers, + S.H.L. Kriebitzsch, and M.A. van der Hoef. A new drag correlation from fully resolved simulations of flow past monodisperse static arrays of spheres. *AIChE Journal*, **61** (2), 688--698 (2015). .. [S18] A. Bakshi, M. Shahnam, A. Gel, T. Li, C. Altantzis, W. Rogers, and A.F. Ghoniem. - Comprehensive multivariate sensitivity analysis of CFD-DEM simulations: - Critical model parameters and their impact on fluidization hydrodynamics. + Comprehensive multivariate sensitivity analysis of CFD-DEM simulations: + Critical model parameters and their impact on fluidization hydrodynamics. *Powder Technology*, **338**, 519--537 (2018). - - J.E. Higham, M. Shahnam, and A. Vaidheeswaran. On the Dynamics of a - Quasi-Two-Dimensional Pulsed-Fludized Bed. - `arxiv:1809.05033 `_ (2018). -.. [VJFTM07] J.L. Vinningland, Ø. Johnsen, E.G. Flekkøy, R. Toussaint, - and K.J. Måløy. Granular Rayleigh-Taylor instability: Experiments and + J.E. Higham, M. Shahnam, and A. Vaidheeswaran. On the Dynamics of a + Quasi-Two-Dimensional Pulsed-Fludized Bed. + `arxiv:1809.05033 `_ (2018). + +.. [VJFTM07] J.L. Vinningland, Ø. Johnsen, E.G. Flekkøy, R. Toussaint, + and K.J. Måløy. Granular Rayleigh-Taylor instability: Experiments and simulations. *Physical Review Letters*, **99** (4), 048001 (2007). - J.L. Vinningland, Ø. Johnsen, E.G. Flekkøy, R. Toussaint, - and K.J. Måløy. Experiments and simulations of a gravitational granular + J.L. Vinningland, Ø. Johnsen, E.G. Flekkøy, R. Toussaint, + and K.J. Måløy. Experiments and simulations of a gravitational granular flow instability. *Physical Review E*, **76** (5), 051306 (2007). -.. [WY66] C.Y.Wen and Y.H. Yu. Mechanics of fluidization. +.. [WY66] C.Y.Wen and Y.H. Yu. Mechanics of fluidization. *Chemical Engineering Progress Symposium*, **62**, 100--111 (1966). -.. [WdLC16] K. Wu, L. de Martin, Luca, M. and M.-O. Coppens. Pattern formation +.. [WdLC16] K. Wu, L. de Martin, Luca, M. and M.-O. Coppens. Pattern formation in fluidized beds as a tool for model validation: A two-fluid model based study. *Powder Technology*, **295**, 35--42 (2016). -.. [YZMH13] X. Yin, J.R. Zenk, P.P. Mitrano, and C.M. Hrenya. Impact of - Collisional Versus Viscous Dissipation on Flow Instabilities in +.. [YZMH13] X. Yin, J.R. Zenk, P.P. Mitrano, and C.M. Hrenya. Impact of + Collisional Versus Viscous Dissipation on Flow Instabilities in Gas-Solid Systems. *Journal of Fluid Mechanics*, **727**, R2 (2013). - - diff --git a/docs/webroot/gallery.html b/docs/webroot/gallery.html index b960ca4..1c22b7a 100644 --- a/docs/webroot/gallery.html +++ b/docs/webroot/gallery.html @@ -27,12 +27,12 @@
- +
- Circulating fluidized beds (CFBs) span a wide range of operating conditions - throughout their subsystems. The riser section is typically characterized by - dilute transport. Here, a 1.8 m section (~9M particles) of a pilot-scale CFB - riser at PSRI is modeled, just 1/10th of the - physical system's length. As high speed (15 m/s) gas flow drives the - 650 micron HDPE particles vertically, denser than average (1%) regions can - form at (or migrate to) the wall and fall against the mean flow. - This phenomena can be observed on the right in the video while a streamer - climbs slowly on the left. We note that the domain is too short, as the streamer - has interacted with its periodic image. Future work will simulate the full 18 m + Circulating fluidized beds (CFBs) span a wide range of operating conditions + throughout their subsystems. The riser section is typically characterized by + dilute transport. Here, a 1.8 m section (~9M particles) of a pilot-scale CFB + riser at PSRI is modeled, just 1/10th of the + physical system's length. As high speed (15 m/s) gas flow drives the + 650 micron HDPE particles vertically, denser than average (1%) regions can + form at (or migrate to) the wall and fall against the mean flow. + This phenomena can be observed on the right in the video while a streamer + climbs slowly on the left. We note that the domain is too short, as the streamer + has interacted with its periodic image. Future work will simulate the full 18 m length of the riser. Simulation by MFiX-Exa develop (git hash ef171c9d) using 24 GPUs on NETL's Joule2 HPC. The animation rendered with Blender. @@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ END TEMPLATE-->
-
@@ -105,18 +105,18 @@ END TEMPLATE-->
-
Recent experiments - by C.M. Boyce and coworkers considers the rapid, high-speed injection - of a single bubble into an incipiently fluidized bed. Here, the 50 m/s jet is turned on + by C.M. Boyce and coworkers considers the rapid, high-speed injection + of a single bubble into an incipiently fluidized bed. Here, the 50 m/s jet is turned on for 150 ms causing a single large bubble to form, rise through the 3 mm particle bed and - erupt a the surface. Ovito animaiton shows particles in - the center 10 mm thick slice of the 190 mm diameter bed, colored by their vercial - velocity ranging from -0.3 m/s (black) to 1.0 m/s (white). + erupt a the surface. Ovito animation shows particles in + the center 10 mm thick slice of the 190 mm diameter bed, colored by their vercial + velocity ranging from -0.3 m/s (black) to 1.0 m/s (white). Simulation models 260K particles with MFiX-Exa 19.08 using 32 CPU cores.

@@ -136,10 +136,10 @@ END TEMPLATE-->

- The "granular" variant of the classical RT instability superimposes an assemply of - 1.12M random loose packed particles over air. The instability finger/bubble pattern - which reaches a (statistical) equilibrium between coarsening via finger merging and - refinement via bubble splitting. Black and white ovito + The "granular" variant of the classical RT instability superimposes an assemply of + 1.12M random loose packed particles over air. The instability finger/bubble pattern + which reaches a (statistical) equilibrium between coarsening via finger merging and + refinement via bubble splitting. Black and white ovito animation shows particle location. Simulation performed with MFiX-Exa 19.08 238 16 CPU cores.

@@ -151,14 +151,14 @@ END TEMPLATE-->

-

- +

Mehrdad's Bed

Qualitative Benchmarking: Ordered bubbling via periodic fluidization

@@ -166,21 +166,21 @@ END TEMPLATE-->
-
- Typical random bubbling patterns under uniform fluidization can be driven to ordered - states under periodic fluidization. At certain system sizes and conditions, a regular - left-right alternating single - bubble pattern can be achieved. The animation, rendered in - Blender, shows time 10s to 15s played back at - 1/4x speed. Simulation considers 166k particles run with MFiX Exa 19.08 using 32 CPU + Typical random bubbling patterns under uniform fluidization can be driven to ordered + states under periodic fluidization. At certain system sizes and conditions, a regular + left-right alternating single + bubble pattern can be achieved. The animation, rendered in + Blender, shows time 10s to 15s played back at + 1/4x speed. Simulation considers 166k particles run with MFiX Exa 19.08 using 32 CPU cores.

- Animation courtesy of Justin Weber & William D. Fullmer, + Animation courtesy of Justin Weber & William D. Fullmer, NETL, Morgantown WV.

@@ -195,13 +195,13 @@ END TEMPLATE-->
- A homogeneous cooling system (HCS) of size 256 x 256 x 8 particle diameters containing - 50k particles (concentration ~5%) with an initial thermal Reynolds number of 20, - restitution coefficient of 0.8 and particle-fluid density ratio of 1000. The system is - significantly above the critical length scale for the - onset of clustering causing the - originally homogeneous state to develop spatial inhomogeneities. Animation shows - particle velocity magnitude ranging from 0.0116 m/s (white) to 0 (black). Simulation run + A homogeneous cooling system (HCS) of size 256 x 256 x 8 particle diameters containing + 50k particles (concentration ~5%) with an initial thermal Reynolds number of 20, + restitution coefficient of 0.8 and particle-fluid density ratio of 1000. The system is + significantly above the critical length scale for the + onset of clustering causing the + originally homogeneous state to develop spatial inhomogeneities. Animation shows + particle velocity magnitude ranging from 0.0116 m/s (white) to 0 (black). Simulation run with MFiX Exa 19.08 using 16 CPU cores.

@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ END TEMPLATE-->

-
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ END TEMPLATE--> In this simulation, the multiphase field method is used and the evolution equation is integrated explicitly. Microstructure evolution is driven by boundary curvature (as in high temperature annealing) which causes coarsening. - The microstructure is initialized using a Voronoi tesselation with 40 initial grains. + The microstructure is initialized using a Voronoi tessellation with 40 initial grains. The simulation has three levels of mesh refinement, and was run on the Texas Advanced Computing Center Stampede2 computer with 512 MPI processes for 10 hours.

@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ END TEMPLATE-->

Simulation of detonation propagation and failure by diffraction with HyBurn. The detonation is initiated in a reactant layer bounded by high-temperature products that have a very low acoustic impedance. The simulation used with 6 levels of refinement with a refinement ratio of 256 between the finest and coarsest levels. The detonation is initiated by a series of high-pressure, high-temperature spots. The detonation propagates steadily until it encounters a step change in the height of the reactant layer. The leading shock of the detonation weakens as it diffracts around the step, resulting in a decoupled shock and flame. The movie shows the temperature field and follows the detonation.

- + Image courtesy Brayden Roque, Hsiao-Chi Li, and Ryan Houim

@@ -285,20 +285,20 @@ AMReX examples--> -- GitLab